At a time of increasing polarisation and global political tensions, as well as the curtailment of democratic spaces by the nation state, the city is becoming an increasingly important actor in the promotion of democracy and human rights. This study, commissioned by the City of Vienna’s Human Rights Office, examines conceptual issues relating to democracy and human rights, their connections and points of conflict, as well as the role of the separation of powers and the rule of law in a human rights-based democracy. Related concepts of relevance to the city are also drawn upon, as are relevant examples from other cities. The study concludes with proposals for areas of action for the commissioning body.